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Schistosomiasis is still a major tropical,parasitic disease that affects millions of people and animals worldwide.The lack of effective vaccine and reliable diagnostic methods make this disease difficult to control.The aim of this study was to search for immunogenic proteins related to schistosomula in the hope of identifying novel intervention targets.Native soluble schistosomula proteins were separated by two:dimensional gel eleetrophoresis and subjected to western blotting analysis where the probes were sera derived from BALB/e mice (suseeptible hosts) and Mierotus fortis (resistant hosts),which were uninfected or 10 days post:infection with S.Japonicum,respectively.A total of 116 immunoreactive proteins recognized by infected BALB/c mice,M.fortis sera,and uninfected M.fortis sera were selected for further analysis.Finally,95 protein spots were identified by matrix:assisted laser desorption ionization timE-of:flight (MALDI:TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) analysis.Bioinformatics analysis showed that the differentially identified immunogenic proteins participated mainly in cytoskeleton organization,cell motility,energy metabolism,responses to stimuli,and protein folding.Many of these proteins were located in the tegument or in the excretory:secretory products of schistosomes identified in previous studies.These results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the host: parasite relationship associated with schistosomes and they also provide a major dataset to facilitate the further development of new diagnostic assays and/or the screening of vaccine candidates for schistosomiasis.