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Silk has been discovered in Israel from sites dating to the Byzantine period (Fifth century CE) ①② and onwards③.The most important and significant silk textiles assemblage was found at a cave near Jericho (Qarantal Cave 38) dated to the Medieval period, ninth through thirteenth centuries CE.768 textile fragments were discovered there.They display a remarkable variety of materials (silk, cotton, linen, wool and goat-hair) and techniques suggesting their diverse geographical origins.Most significant are the silk fragments made in various techniques, some of them requiring sophisticated looms, and a large group of textiles with S-spun (anti-clockwise) linen warps and Z-spun (clockwise) cotton wefts which is unique to the site.Most of these fragments were parts of clothing (e.g.trousers, tunics, coifs).Others could be recognized as bags, wrappers and strips for tying.Why was such a large quantity of used and reused textiles stored in the cave? It can be assumed that the people who stored them there were rag collectors or merchants who collected them for the paper industry which was introduced by the Arabs from China through Central Asia in the eighth century CE and became popular in the region using mainly textiles as its raw material.Because of the unrest due to the frequent fighting between the local population and the various conquerors who invaded the area in the tenth-thirteen centuries, they couldnt return back to the cave to take the textiles with them.This political situation enabled us to discover these finds at the cave.=A great deal can be learned from these discarded fragments about the shapes and materials of garments and other textiles in daily use in the Medieval period in the Land of Israel①.A few other medieval textile assemblages from the Land of Israel have been discovered-for example, at Avdat ②, at Kasr el-Yahud③, , Judean Desert caves④, and at Caesarea ⑤.However, none of these assemblages is as rich and diverse as the one in Cave 38 and none of them have silk textiles except Caesarea with one silk textile.