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Cellulose acetate butyrates (CAB) were synthesized successfully by mechanical activation,using cellulose with different degree of polymerization, acetic anhydride and butyric anhydride as the acylating agents.The structures of the products were identified by FTIR, SEM and 1HNMR.FTIR analysis indicated that the mechanical activation could promote the esterification reaction effectivlely.The result of SEM displayed that the mechanical activation could destroy the crystalline structure of raw cellulose to increase the reactive agent accessibility.1HNMR analysis showed the different active of three OH groups of the anhydroglucose unit of the synthesized CAB.