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Axillary meristems play an important role in determining final plant architecture and floral structures.Tomato Ls,Arabidopsis LAS and rice MOC1(MONOCULM 1)are belonging to GRAS familyand orthologous genes regulating axillary meristem initiation and outgrowth.Their functions are generally conserved but the functional specificities are divergent among species.Obvious differences between rice panicles and wheat spikes may reflect functional divergence of MOC1and its wheat ortholog.In this study,we report the isolation and characterization of TaMOC1.TaMOC1 is a typical nucleus localized protein with transcriptional activation abilities.The variable N-termini of TaMOC1 protein is necessary for transcriptional activation.TaMOC1 is constitutively expressed in wheat and highly expressed in ears with length of 2,3 and 6 cm.The TaMOC1 might be involved in wheat spikelet development.Significant associations between the TaMOC1-7Ahaplotype and spikelet number per spike were observed in ten environments over 3 years and 2 sites.TaMOC1-7AHapH,a favored haplotype acquired during wheat polyploidization,may make a positive contribution to spikelet number per spike.Based on evolutionary analysis,geographic distribution and frequency changes,TaMOC1-7AHapH might be associated with wheat domestication and Chinese wheat breeding history.The pyramiding favorable alleles of TaMOC1-7AHapH and TaSnRK2.10-C(associated with higher TGW)can improve both spikelet number per spike and TGW simultaneously.Theresults suggest that the TaMOC1-7AHapHshould be useful in the grain yield improvement in wheat.