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Between 25,000 and 75,000 new cases of angina refractory to maximal medical therapy and standard coronary revascularization procedures are diagnosed each year.In addition,heart failure also places an enormous burden on the U.S.health care system,with an estimated economic impact ranging from $20 billion to more than $50 billion per year.The technique of counterpulsation,studied for almost one-half century now,is considered a safe,highly beneficial,low-cost,noninvasive treatment for these angina patients,and now for heart failure patients as well.