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Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is an evolutionarily conserved innate immune receptor.TLR4 detects pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, e.g.lipopolysaccharide (LPS)), damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs, e.g.high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)), and xenobiotic-associated molecular patterns (XAMPs, e.g.opioids).