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Ecological migration,or ecological resettlement,is mainly a government-led initiative to develop the western regions in China,allow degraded landscapes to recover,and improve the standard of living of its inhabitants.One of major policies is Grain for.Green Project,which means return farmland to forests,and animal breeding grounds to pastures.Since 2003,this project has been carried out in the Sanjiangyuan area (source of Yangtze River,Yellow River,and Mekong River) located in the southern Qinghai Tibetan area.It is characterized by a fragile ecosystem due to the global warming,unrestricted fanning and overgrazing.However,the relocation of Tibetan herders from their traditional lands raises several key issues.In particular,the ecological rationale for this policy and the implications for those being resettled require careful examination.Ecological migrants face big challenges,such as resettlement in different places,transition of occupation,adaptation to urban life,and maintaining cultural traditions.This paper is a case study based on the field research work in Maduo County which is located at the source of the Yellow River.It is focused on some of the critical issues related to eco-migrants,the social,economic,and ecological rationale and consequences of ecological resettlement.Moreover,the author will examine the differences between the eco-refugees and eco-migrants,possible alternatives that do not involve moving people but control the number of animals so as to achieve a balance between the grassland and animal grazing,and policy improvements of ecological migration.