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Objectives: To examine the effects of cognitive stimulation (mahjong) and physical exercise (Tai Chi) on cognitive performance in persons with dementia.Design: Cluster-randomized open-label controlled design.Setting: Nursing homes.Participants: 110 residents.Inclusion criteria were Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)=10-24 and suffering from at least very mild dementia (Clinical Dementia Rating≥0.5).Exclusion criteria were being bedbound, audio/visual impairment, regular activity participation prior to study, or contraindications for physical or group activities.Interventions: Homes were randomized into three conditions (mahjong, sitting Tai Chi, and simple handicrafts [control]).Activities were conducted three times weekly for 12 weeks.Measurements:Primary outcome was MMSE.