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Introduction-From endogenous neuroprotection to cerebral preconditioning 2.Mechanisms of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury 1) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 2) Microvascular inflammatory responses · Arteriolar · Capillary · Venular 3) Mitochondrial dysfunction 3.Cerebral ischemic preconditioning 4.Pharmacological preconditioning 1) Resveratrol 2) Moderate ethanol 3) Hydrogen sulfide 5.Other pre-and post-conditions 1) Remote ischemic preconditioning 2) Ischemic postconditioning.