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Background:The cysteine protease inhibitor Cystatin C (CstC) is linked to diseases in both quantity and quality.Low extracellular CstC is associated with elevated protease activity in cancer,arthritis,atherosclerosis,aortic aneurism and emphysema,whereas abnormal formation of non-inhibitory CstC dimers and aggregates by a mechanism known as domain swapping can cause amyloid angiopathy.