论文部分内容阅读
The cost of PV electricity generation is coming down rapidly.So rapidly,that PV is expected to be able to compete with conventional generation in substantial parts of the total global electricity markets by the end of this decade.Nevertheless,this indicates by no means the end of technology development and 2020 marks only the beginning of the large (terawatt) scale roll-out of PV technology.The main drivers for cost (and ultimately also price) reduction are technology improvements and innovations on the one hand and the effects of volume and scale on the other hand.These come together in the"price-experience curves"of PV,which are well known for solar modules,but also apply (although in a less straightforward way) to the Balance-of-System (BoS) and to complete systems.R&D addresses both drivers for cost reduction.Clearly,improved and new materials,processes,devices (cells & modules),system components and system designs are explicit subjects of R&D.However,there is also an increasing emphasis on aspects related to volume and scale in the broadest sense of the words.For instance,device processes need to be inherently suitable for high throughput and yield if they are to be applied in commercial production.Similarly,system design approaches and installation practices have to match the increasing numbers and sizes of systems in order to benefit in terms of costs.Several international strategic research agendas and roadmaps for PV have been developed and published recently.They describe the broad portfolio of options and approaches to reduce PV generation costs,but also to develop PV technology from renewable to fully sustainable.Together these documents cover the whole PV value chain and include technical as well as socio-economic aspects.This presentation will give an overview of the drivers for PV cost reduction and the R&D needed to address those drivers.It will critically compare some of the different approaches for the short,medium and long term.