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Selection of a reliable reference gene(or genes)is essential for the proper interpretation of reverse transcriptase quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-qPCR)data.Thus,eight frequently used reference genes in lily(Lilium brownie),were selected to be evaluated expression stability in various treatments(including plant growth regulators and stress)and tissues(including roots,stems,leaves,sepals,peals,stamens and pistils).Based on a comprehensive analysis of geNorm and NormFinder,elongation factor 1-alpha(EF1α)and the gene for 18S rRNA(18S rRNA)emerged as the most stable reference genes when all 23 samples were taken together.glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GAPDH)and photosystem I P700 apoprotein A(psaA)could serve as reliable internal controls in different tissues,while psaA and 18S rRNA ranked top in stressed leaves and plant growth regulator treated roots.As for leaves treated with plant growth regulator,GAPDH and EF1a exhibited the most stable expression pattern,while psaA and EF1a would be the optimal internal control genes in stressed roots.On the other hand,RNA polymerase C gene(RpoC1)and ATP synthase beta subunit gene(ATPB)were the least stable genes,and it should be used with caution as reference genes during RT-qPCR analysis in lily.