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In the lecture I will discuss the latest results about the function and distribution of the new nucleobases 5-hydroxymethylcytosine(hmC),5-formylcytosine(fC),and 5-carboxycytosine(caC).[1] These nucleobases seem to play an important role in epigenetic reprogramming of stem cells and some of these bases are also detected at relatively high levels in brain tissues.I will discuss new synthetic routes to these compounds and to the corresponding phosphoramidites using modern metal organic chemistry and I will discuss how chemistry leads to new insights into the biology of stem cell development processes.