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Improved insight into the effect of powdered activated carbon(PAC)on membrane fouling is crucial to the MBR performance.Sludge key characteristics,soluble microbial products(SMP)and transmembrane pressure(TMP)were monitored.The membrane fouling rate in the MBRs was analyzed based on TMP profiles and resistance-in-series model.PAC reduced the membrane filtration resistance and significantly decreased the fouling rate,and the sludge filterability was improved by extending the filtration time by almost two-fold.PAC affected the SMP concentration,and protein/polysaccharide(carbohydrate)was in a lower ratio.FTIR analysis indicated that PAC lowered the impact of organic carbon,proteins and polysaccharides absorption and deposition on the membrane surface and in the pores.The degree of reversible and irreversible fouling was related to the concentration of PAC added into the MBRs.At optimum dosage of 2 g/L,the results signified the PAC potential as a mitigation strategy of membrane fouling.