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To dope tungsten into zinc oxide (ZnO∶W,WZO) and indium oxide (In2O3∶W,IWO) is quite attractive because there is a valence difference of four between W6+ and Zn2+ and three between W6+ and In3+,respectively,and thus each W atom can contribute more than one electron to the electrical conductivity in ZnO:W and In2O3∶W thin films.