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The Neotropics have many plant species that seem to be adapted for seed dispersal by megafauna that went extinct in the late Pleistocene.Given the crucial importance of seed dispersal for plant persistence,it was a mystery how these plants have survived more than 10,000 y without their mutualist dispersers.Here we present support for the hypothesis that secondary seed dispersal by scatter-hoarding rodents has facilitated the persistence of these large-seeded species.