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Chinese traditional vinegars generally use qu as a starter for vinegar fermentation.Among them,Daqu is a famous starter.The complicated structure of unique microflora,which could not be investigated by culture-dependent methods,resulted the unique flavor of each vinegar.In the present study,PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting was applied to study the bacterial community in Daqu of Duliu mature vinegar that is a famous vinegar in north of China.The results showed that bacterial community in Daqu of Duliu mature vinegar was composed with genus of Weissella,Lactobacillus,Lactococcus,Streptomyces and uncultured bacteria.There were a high level of species diversity of Streptomyces,includi.ng Streptomyces rangoonensis,Streptomyces cacaoi subsp.cacaoi,Streptomyces cacaoi,Streptomyces gibsonii,Streptomyces radiopugnans,Streptomyces albus subsp.albus and Streptomyces albus,which were all first reported in Daqu of Duliu mature vinegar.Morever,there were some bacteria with low similarity,which were Lactobacillus ruminis,uncultured Bacillus sp.,uncultured Rhodococcus sp.and other uncultured bacterium.