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Introduction: Poly-ether ether ketone(PEEK)has emerged as a leading biomaterial due to its biocompatibility and mechanical properties.However,due to the inertness of PEEK,bioactivity remains suboptimal and interest had been focused on improving this aspect.Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation(PIII)was demonstrated to improve the bioactivity of many polymers while providing a one-step method to covalently immobilize proteins onto the treated surfaces.The aim of this project is to apply PIII treatment on PEEK and explore methods of achieving better cell responses.Experimental: The modified surfaces were evaluated by means of ELISA,gBCA and ATR-FTIR detection coupled with SDS washing.Cell culture studies including attachment,proliferation,gene expression and bone mineralization were performed to assess the biological responses.Results: Protein studies demonstrated that proteins remain detectable on the surfaces after harsh washing conditions confirming that proteins are covalently linked to the modified surfaces.Cell culture results show that the treated surfaces alone increased the bone cell attachment rate by over 80%with significantly improved spreading and proliferation.The covalently linked ECM proteins on the treated surfaces were also shown to remain highly biologically active.Conclusion: The current results had shown that cell attachment to PEEK can be largely improved by using PIII.These findings will help us further understand the effects of the PIII treatment process on PEEK in which the outcomes may help us improve its bioactivity for bone related applications.