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Upconversion luminescence,i.e.emission of one photon upon excitation of several lower energy photons,is very attractive for applications in broad fields.Recent years nanometer size upconversion materials have been boosting the scientific interest in relevant material systems,typically lanthanide ions doped nanomaterials.The anti-Stokes scheme and excitation falling in so-called “optical window” are expected to improve significantly the quality of luminescence biomedical imaging,labelling and therapy,especially as they can be constructed as multifunctional nanoplatforms integrating specific targeting,imaging and therapeutic functions.They are also regarded as potential candidates for manipulating solar spectrum for better solar energy utilization.Great achievements have been reached in past years in modulating and boosting the upconversion dynamics via chemical or physical ways.This fast progress leaves also behind many questions,and the answers shall form the basis for further development of this materials towards the actual applications.In this presentation we shall discuss the possibilities nanosystems can offer and the challenges we are facing regarding the upconversion emission.