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Objective P2X receptors are ATP-gated cation channels and play variable roles in pathophysiological processes.Among P2X receptors, P2X3 receptor is abundantly expressed in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons.It is well established that P2X3 receptor modulates synaptic transmission and is involved in pain transmission.However, the mechanism of P2X3 receptor-mediated purinergic signaling in long distance is unclear.Methods Transport of P2X3 receptor is measured by sciatic nerve ligation and live imaging experiments.Intraplantar injection and axonal agonist application in microfluidic chamber were used to detect retrograde transport of P2X3 receptor.Results (1) P2X3 receptors are retrogradely transported in sciatic nerve and DRG neuron axon; (2) Live cell imaging in cultured DRG neurons showed that small GTPase Rab7-endosomes mediated the long-distance retrograde transport of P2X3 receptors; (3) The retrograde transport of P2X3 receptor is ATP-dependent.Conclusion These results demonstrate that retrograde transport of P2X3 receptor is regulated by ATP in primary sensory neurons.