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High cost and insufficient durability are the two major challenges in Fuel cell development and commercialization.For proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs),electrocatalysts,and in particular Platinum (Pt)-based electrocatalysts,are the major contributor to both of these barriers.In order to develop cost-effective and durable catalysts,two research approaches have been carried out for many years,one is to reduce Pt loading,and the other is explore non-noble metal catalysts.Regarding reduction of Pt loading,alloying Pt with other metal(s) to form low-Pt content catalysts is considered one of the most effective ways to reduce catalyst cost and at the same time to enhance catalyst activity.With respect to the development of non-noble metal catalysts,several kinds of promising catalysts have been explored,including heattreated transition metal microcycles and transition metal chalcogenides,although their activities and stabilities are still far away from real fuel cell application targets.At this stage,enhancing the activity of non-noble metal catalysts is a key task.