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Background Peritoneal fibrosis is a common complication in patients treated with long-term peritoneal dialysis.The aim of this study was to identify the microRNAs(miRNAs)involved in regulation of peritoneal fibrosis in a rat model of peritoneal dialysis.Methods Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly allocated into three groups:(i)Control group(Cg,n =8);(ii)Saline group(Sg,n =8): daily intraperitoneal injection with 0.9%normal saline;(iii)Hypertonic dialysate group(HDg,n =8): daily intraperitoneal injection with 4.25%peritoneal dialysis solution.Rats were sacrificed after four weeks for histological evaluation of peritoneal membrane and the expression of α-SMA and COL-1.A miRNA screen was performed using microarray analysis to identify differentially expressed miRNAs,which were then validated by real-time PCR.Results Compared with the control and the saline groups,hypertonic dialysate group showed impaired peritoneal function accompanied by a spectrum of morphological changes including thicker peritoneal membrane,higher collagen deposition,infiltration of mononuclear cells and neovascularization in the peritoneum.Increased mRNA and protein levels of a-SMA and COL-1 were observed in hypertonic dialysate group,indicating the progression of peritoneal fibrosis.The miRNA screen identified 8 significantly down-regulated miRNAs(miR31,miR-93,miR-100,miR-152,miR-497,miR192,miR-194 and miR-200b)and one highly upregulated miRNA(miR-122)in the hypertonic dialysate group.The results were confirmed by real-time PCR.Conclusions Altered miRNA expression in peritoneum was found in the rat model of peritoneal fibrosis,indicating that these miRNAs may be associated with pathogenesis of peritoneal fibrosis.