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Over the last ten years or so, cyclic nucleotides, such as c-di-GMP, c-di-AMP, or cGMP have emerged as important second messengers in bacterial signal transduction and regulation.1, 2 A rapidly expanding body of work has described the multiple biological functions mediated by c-di-GMP and c-di-AMP in bacteria, as well as their actions as activators for the STING protein of the mammalian innate immune response.It is very likely that further functions will be discovered.