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This paper examines the recent advancements in the science and technology of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based fibers and composites.The assessment is made according to the hierarchical structural levels of CNTs used in composites, ranging from 1-D to 2-D to 3-D.At the 1-D level, fibers composed of pure CNTs or CNTs embedded in a polymeric matrix produced by various techniques are reviewed.At the 2-D level, the focuses are on CNT-modified advanced fibers, CNT-modified interlaminar surfaces and highly oriented CNTs in planar form.At the 3-D level, we examine the mechanical and physical properties of CNT/polymer composites, CNTbased damage sensing, and textile assemblies of CNTs.The opportunities and challenges in basic research at these hierarchical levels have been discussed.