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Centenarians surpass the current human life expectancy by 20 to 25 years,indicating that they may have some unique capability to postpone disease and disability into their later years of life.Indeed,our cross-sectional study revealed that levels of the important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases,blood glucose,triglyceride,and total cholesterol in the longevity samples were significantly lower than those of the general older population.Accordingly,the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),hypertriglyceridemia(HTG),and hypertension(HP)was lower in the centenarians than Chinese national levels,indicating that the centenarians are a good model for a healthy aging study.We also found that centenarians showed a significant increase in mitochondrial DNA copy number than the elderly people aged between 50 and 70 years,indicative of improved metabolic ability in centenarians.We also identified a protective mutation in the IGFBP3 gene in centenarians who meanwhile lack some vascular disease risk mutations.To comprehensively understand the mechanisms by which centenarians obtain the longevity phenotype and healthy aging,we performed RNA-sequencing on over 170 centenarian samples and obtained their transcriptome data.Our study did find some interesting transcriptional profiles in centenarians,including a large number of genes and thus some corresponding biological processes and/or pathways being significantly dysregulated.Therefore,identifying protective factors from centenarians and better understanding their functional role in healthy aging would promise to benefit for the prevention and treatment of age-related diseases in general old subjects.