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In a cocktail-party environment,human listeners are able to use perceptual-level and cognitive-level cues to segregate the attended target speech from other background conversations.At the cognitive level,priming the listener with part of the target speech in the quiet can markedly improve the recognition of the remaining parts when the target speech and competing speech are presented at the same time.Hence,knowledge of content (content cuing) improves speech recognition when other people are talking.In addition,familiarity or knowledge of the voice characteristics of the target talker could also help the listener attend to the target talker when other talkers are present.