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Interstitial laser thermotherapy (ILT) is attractive as a local destruction method since it gives precise control of the lesion size and provides a unique source of tumour antigens for the induction of anti-tumour immunity.The aim of this study was to describe the effect of ILT of breast carcinoma regarding changes in immunocompetent cells in the tumour and regional lymph nodes.Patients and methods.24 women with invasive breast cancer were treated with ILT in the outpatient clinics under local anaesthesia.Seventeen of these patients with tumour necrosis and non-radical local treatment were included in this study.Average tumour diameter was 23 (7-55) mm on pathological examination.ILT was performed at a steady-state temperature of 48150C for 30 min.Surgical excision was performed 12 (6-23) days after ILT.Six patients with breast cancer not treated with ILT before surgery served as controls.Immunohistological reactions were performed on core needle biopsies before treatment and on excised specimens.Results.ILT resulted in more CD8 lymphocytes and CD68 macrophages within the tumour (p<0.05 and p<0.01,respectively) and higher counts of CD20 (p<0.05), CD68 (p<0.001) and CD83 (p<0.01) at the tumour border, as compared to pre-treatment values.In the control patients not receiving ILT, CD8 cells increased within the tumour after resection (p<0.05).With the probable exception of CD25 Foxp3 cells, the presence of cancer in a lymph node influenced the findings in lymph nodes (examined for CD1a, CD25, Foxp3 CD25, CD83 cells).Thus, comparisons between ILT and control patients were restricted to patients without lymph node metastases.In these patients, ILT and resection was followed by a decrease in CD25 Foxp3 lymphocytes (p<0.05), as compared to surgical resection alone.Conclusion.ILT induced changes in immunocompetent cells in patients with breast cancer.The stimulation of the immune system is an added feature of ILT in treatment of patients with breast cancer.