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Abstract Highly porous titania networks have been prepared by using the proteins entrapped cellulose gel as structural template via a template-assisted sol-gel process.The fabrication process is summarized in the following strategy.Scheme 1 Schematic illustration of fabrication process of bimodal porous titania network The first key point of this method lies in the proteins coated on cellulose fibers,since which possessed both broadened fibers and high solid content to construct the bimodal pore structure.To elucidate the mechanism of pore formation,the relationship between protein loadings in cellulose gel and structure property of final material was investigated.As demonstrated,the protein loading in cellulose gel strongly influences the multiporous structure of titania network.According to the varied protein loading in cellulose gel,the highly porous titania networks exhibit large macrpporosities in variation of 21-34 % in volume with relative high surface areas ranging from 88 to 109 m2 g-1,respectively.Specially,these porous titania networks are possessed of bimodal pore system,i.e.,macropores centered at about 200 nm and mesopores ranging from around 5.2 to 7.1 nm.Additionally,the final titania material shows pure anatase phase and withstands high compressive pressure over 19 MPa as characterized by compression test,indicating its excellent mechanical strength.As the materials possess such bimodal pore system with excellent mechanical strength,the simple template-assisted sol-gel process would make it possible to open up the possibility of applications in diverse areas such as catalysis,separation,sensors,filtration and so forth.