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Objective: We examined whether growth velocities of weight, height and body fat during potentially critical periods of growth were associated with fat mass in young adulthood.Subjects and methods: Analyses based on participants from the DONALD Study with anthropometric measurement (weight, height and skinfold measurements) in both young adulthood (18-25 years) and early life (0-2 years, n=242), mid-childhood (3-8 years, n=415) or puberty (9-15 years, n=538).SIRAT models and Proc Expand models were used for the calculation of growth velocities.Multivariable-adjusted linear regression analyses were performed relating growth velocities in each period to adult fat mass (expressed as fat mass index, FMI (kg/m2)).Results: Among women, faster weight gain in early life was associated with a higher FMI in young adulthood (β±SE: 1.08±0.25 per standard deviation in weight gain, p≤0.0001,adjusted for birth weight, breastfeeding and maternal education).In mid-childhood and puberty relations to adult FMI were observed for both weight velocity (adjusted βchildhood 1.21±0.17 and βpuberty 1.19±0.18/SD, both p<0.0001) and fat mass velocity (adjusted βchildhood 1.96±0.19 and βpuberty 1.47±0.20/SD, both p<0.0001).Height velocity showed weak relations to adult FMI during early and mid-childhood only (p=0.03 and 0.02).Growth velocities in early life were not associated with adult FMI in young men (p≥0.2).In mid-childhood and puberty similar relations to adult FMI were observed for both weight velocity (adjusted βchildhood 0.70±0.13 and βpuberty 0.68±0.14/SD, both p<0.0001) and fat mass velocity (adjusted βchildhood 1.96±0.19 and fβpuberty 0.91±0.12/SD, both p<0.0001).Height velocity showed a weak inverse relation to adult FMI during puberty only (p=0.04).Conclusion: Rapid gain in weight and fat mass during mid-childhood and puberty appear to be more relevant for adult fat mass than gains during early life.Throughout childhood and adolescence, women may be more vulnerable to rapid gains in weight and fat mass.