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The genetic diversity and genetic structure of 30 Chinese sheep breeds were investigated by using 27 microsatellite markers. Average expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosiy of all breeds were 0.799 and 0.531 irrespectively. An overall genetic differentiation (Fst) across all loci was 0.079 (P < 0.001), which indicated roughly 7.9％ of genetic diversity could be explained by genetic variation between populations. The neighbour-jioning phylogenetic tree constructed based on DA genetic distance indicated 30 Chinese sheep breeds were clustered into 5 main groups, which throw new sight on Chinese sheep classification. Scatter plots of estimates from principal component analysis showed support the result of phylogenetic cluster partly. Weitzmans approach was applied to make the conservation priority, and the result suggested that the optimum conservation strategy is to give priority to those breeds with the highest conservation potency.rather than to the most endangered breeds; Tengchong (TC) sheep and Jiaxian (JX) sheep were considered to be given the higher priority.