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Patients with neutropenia due to underlying diseases or secondary to chemotherapy are susceptible to a wide variety of bacterial and fungal infections, which cause significant morbidity and mortality.Although not conclusive, present evidence indicates that prophylactic use of antibiotics is associated with possible emergence of resistant bacteria and should be administered in selected cases.In contrast, chemoprophylaxis has a more definitive role for fungal infections.Because infections in a neutropenic host can be rapidly fatal if not treated, the empiric administration of broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics is generally indicated for these patients, but it is of paramount importance to consider the local frequencies, susceptibility and resistance patterns of various pathogens.Once therapy has been initiated, it is not indicated to change antibiotics during the initial 5 days unless the patients clinical conditions deteriorate considerably.The treatment of invasive fungal infections is particularly troublesome and unfortunately unsuccessful in numerous cases.Further studies are needed to shed light on numerous unclear issues.