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Nano-or microscale copper oxide particles (CuO NP, CuO MP) are increasingly applied as catalysts or antimicrobial additives.This increases the risk of adverse health effects, since copper ions are cytotoxic under overload conditions.Within our study, we investigated CuO NP and CuO MP with regard to extra-and intracellular bioavailability of copper ions, cytotoxicity as well as direct and indirect genotoxicity in A549 and HeLa S3 cells and compared the effects to those evoked by copper chloride (CuCl2).