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RNA silencing is an RNA-based network regulating gene expression and defense against invasive nucleic acids in most eukaryotes, including plants.Involvement of RNA silencing in viroid-host interaction became evident when viroid derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) of 21-24 nt, structurally similar to host microRNAs (miRNAs) and small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), were detected in tissues infected by nuclear and chloroplast-replicating viroids.