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@@ 1．Context The concept of‘resilience’emerged from the disciplines of psychiatry and developmental psychology,when longitudinal studies of children exposed to significantly negative life experiences(for example,war,poverty,abuse,neglect and parents with poor mental health)revealed that half to two．Thirds of these‘at risk’children developed positively and thrived(Rutter,1990,1987;Garmezy,1974;Masten,Best& Garmezy,1990)．The findings fuelled a plethora of research aimed at discovering the personal attributes or characteristics of resilient children．And the‘risk’and‘protective’ factors that mediate whether or not children Successfull3,overcome the risks associated with their negative life experiences(Henderson&Mistein,2003;Gore&Eckenrode, 1994;Garmezy,1985,1994)．Early research identified a range ofpersonal attributes that Can promote the development of resilience,including high self-efficacy,hardiness and flexibility(Bandura,1 977;Rosenbaum,1990)．Although a large proportion of recent research in this area continues to emphasise the importance of innate factors．It has been shown that resilience iS not exclusively an innate construct．And that environmental factors such as support from friends,family and school also have an important role to play(Rutter et a1．,1979;Wemer&Smith,1988;Luthar,Cicchetti&Becker,2000)．