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Schistosomiasis remains a serious public health problem,with 200 million people infected and 779 million people at risk worldwide.The schistosomulum is the early stage of the complex lifecycle of Schistosoma japonicum in their vertebrate hosts,and is the main target of vaccine-induced protective immunity.Excretory/secretory(ES)proteins play a major role in host-parasite interactions.In the present study,the proteome of ES proteins from 14 day schistosomula of S.japonicum was analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and 713 unique proteins were finally identified.Gene ontology and pathway analysis revealed that identified proteins were mainly involved in adaptation to the host environment,the development of schistosomula and immunoregulation.Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that thioredoxin peroxidase(TPx)identified in this study had the effect on inhibiting major histocompatibility complex(MHC)class Ⅱ and co-stimulatory molecules CD86 expression on LPS-activated macrophages.The present study provides insight into the growth and development of the schistosome in the final host and valuable information for screening vaccine candidates or diagnostic antigens for schistosomiasis.