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Poly (ADP-ribosyl) ation is a kind of post-translational modification, which is widely present in eukaryotes except yeast.Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) catalyzes the synthesis and attachment of poly (ADP-ribose) polymers onto protein acceptors, using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) as a substrate.There are three PARP genes in Arabidopsis.Two PARPs (AtPARP1 and AtPARP2) have been reported to have a similar primary structure to their animal counterparts.