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The modern era of electron transfer reactions began in the late 1940s in a small and rather obscure area of chemistryself-exchange reaction rates of radioactive isotopes.Isotopic exchange electron transfer reactions proved to be the simplest class of reactions in all of chemistry-no bonds broken or formed, only an electron transfer.Their simplicity led to their detailed experimental and theoretical study and ultimately to an enormous development of the field of electron transfer reactions in general.The developments include applications to both simple and complex systems, such as proteins,photosynthesis, artificial harnessing of solar energy, electrochemistry, and many others.Current studies include those of single molecules and protein dynamics."Blinking" (intermittent fluorescence) has also been observed.An electron transfer mechanism for blinking has been intensively studied in the case of semiconductor nanoparticles ("quantum dots").We discuss an possible mechanism, and note an application to the biological markers that is being explored.