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The circadian timing system controls drug metabolism and cellular proliferation over the 24 h through molecular clocks in each cell, circadian physiology, and the suprachiasmatic nuclei--a hypothalamic pacemaker clock that coordinates circadian rhythms.The mammalian molecular clock is made of interconnected molecular loops involving at least 12 circadian genes.The cellular clocks are coordinated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei, a hypothalamic pacemaker which also helps the organism adjust to environmental cycles.The rest-activity rhythm is a reliable marker of the circadian system function in both rodents and man.This circadian organization is responsible for predictable changes in the tolerability and efficacy of over 30 anticancer agents, and possibly also in tumor promotion or growth.