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In the GCC, the shift from oil-based economies to technologically based societies implies important challenges related to some characteristics of the region.This paper studies the role of the R&D International Cooperation Networks in structuring the regional sustainable development capacities and innovation systems in the GCC, where the development of independent R&D capacities generally suffers from a lack of a critical mass in terms of local population and public awareness.The impact of a traditional scheme of bilateral cooperation on some focused area is compared to the benefits of broader network R&D activities as very important instruments for science and technology capacity building and essential vehicles for knowledge and innovation development in specific research and development priority areas related to the regional peculiarities and needs.The GCC regional framework is compared to the often cited examples of South Korea, and China, where the demographic aspects can play a crucial role to promote the transition to a knowledge based economy trough an efficient innovation scheme, and to the small East European countrics, where the collaborative programmes with Western Europe have been very effective in structuring the research and innovation framework, and in developing new capacities in particular related to the energy policies and sustainable development.