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Organisms often acquire unwanted DNA alterations in the form of cancers,viral infections,bacterial infections,or other avenues which may negatively impact the organisms health.More sensitive methods of imaging and treatment are needed to provide earlier detection and more specific removal of such unwanted or deleterious DNA than are available with current techniques.Numerous types of nanoparticle-nucleic acid bionanoconjugates have been developed to target unwanted or deleterious DNA in a sequence specific manner,but the efficacy of each has been limited by particular weaknesses in each regime.The purpose of this seminar is to present recent advancements in the DNA targeting capabilities of nanoparticle-nucleic acid bionanoconjugates,while also identifying existing challenges.Of particular focus will be the recent development of photosensitive peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-titanium dioxide (TiO2) bionanoconjugates and their enhanced capacities to induce DNA damage as a gene targeting agent.Inclusion of a PNA within the bionanoconjugate allows for targeting of mixed base sequences in plasmid DNA under physiological-like ionic and temperature conditions,while modification with an optical imaging agent results in a red shift in the wavelength of absorbance of the bionanoconjugate which enables enhanced activation of the bionanoconjugate and increased DNA damage.Such recent advancements will undoubtedly be applied to alternative nanoparticle-nucleic acid regimes to further improve gene targeting in the field of bionanotechnology.