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We have developed strategies for cancer vaccines as immunotherapy for cancer, some of which have now been translated into clinical trials.We first improved the immunogenicity of the antigen by epitope enhancement by modifying the epitope sequence to increase binding to MHC molecules.We then incorporated defined molecular adjuvants,such as cytokines, TLR ligands, and NKT cell agonists to push and steer the response not only toward a higher quantity of T cell response, but also toward a better quality.We also blocked negative regulatory pathways to take the brakes off the response.