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Prion diseases are a group of fatal and incurable neurodegenerative disorders of mammals.They manifest as sporadic, genetic and infectious maladies.The agent responsible for prion diseases is the prion.The latter is defined as a proteinaceous infectious particle, which is solely constituted by an alternate folded form of the prion protein (PrP).In diseased animals and humans PrP exists in two forms, the physiological, cellular form of PrP, PrPc, and the pathological prion form denoted as PrPSc.The molecular mechanism through which nascent PrPSc is generated is currently not well understood.Structural studies of either isoforms are of great importance in the biology of prion diseases since they may shed light onto the molecular mechanism responsible for these pathologies.Recent descriptions of synthetic prions have added valuable tools to the studies of structural and molecular biology of prions.In this presentation Ⅰ will discuss the current state-of-the-art of our understanding of the mechanism of prion replication using synthetic prion.These findings are providing new in insights in prion biology and disease.