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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that promotes proliferation and differentiation of neutrophil progenitors.Besides mobilization of bone marrow cells, G-CSF has activated various signaling pathways such as Akt and Jak-2/STAT-3 through G-CSF receptors in cardiac myocytes and has markedly prevented left ventricular (LV) remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by decreasing cardiomyocyte death and increasing the number of vessels.Although several clinical trials have been performed, the efficacy of G-CSF therapy in patients with AMI remains controversial because the protocols are different among the trials.Our clinical data demonstrated that there were inverse correlations between time from AMI to G-CSF administration and absolute change in LV ejection fraction.