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[Study Objectives] To shed light on sleep patterns,on the longitudinal association of sleep with school performance,and on practical intervention strategy for Chinese school-aged children.[Design and Setting] A serial sleep researches,including a national cross-sectional survey, a prospective cohort study, and a comparative study of two cross-sectional surveys,were conducted in China from November 2005 through December 2009.[Participants] The national cross-sectional survey was conducted in 8 cities and a random sample of 20 778 children aged 9.0±1.61 years participated in the survey.The five-year prospective cohort study included 612 children aged 6.8±0.31 years.The comparative cross-sectional study (baseline:n=525,aged 10.80±0.41;post-intervention follow-up:n=553,aged 10.81±0.33) was undertaken in 6 primary schools in Shanghai.[Measurements] A battery of questionnaires was used to collect information on childrens sleep behaviors, school performance,and sociodemographic characteristics.[Results] The mean sleep duration was 9.35±0.77 hours.The prevalence of daytime sleepiness was 64.4% (sometimes:37.50%;frequently:26.94%).Daytime sleepiness and, in some cases,short sleep duration were significantly associated with impaired attention, learning motivation,and, particularly, academic achievement.After delaying school start time, sleep duration in intervention 1 group increased by 15.6 minutes and in intervention 2 group increased by 22.8 minutes.Moreover, intervention significantly improved the daytime sleepiness.[Conclusions] Insufficient sleep and daytime sleepiness commonly existed and positively associated with the impairment of school performance,especially academic achievement,among Chinese school-aged children.The school-based sleep intervention emphasized optimal school schedule regulation for the improvement of childrens sleep.