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For decades,industries like aerospace and automotive have utilized modeling,simulation,and computer assistance in product design.Life science industries have been much slower to adopt modeling and simulation technology,probably due in part to the complexities of living systems.It is well known that product development failures due to pharmacokinetic issues were common in the 1980s and 90s.In order to address these issues,in 1996 we started development of software tools for modeling and simulation of the ADMET characteristics of candidate drug molecules.Simultaneously we developed tools for estimation of biopharmaceutical properties and for gastrointestinal simulation and physiologically-based PKPD modeling.This type of technology and an increased awareness of ADMET issues in the pharmaceutical industry has resulted in a decrease in the percentage of drug failures due to pharmacokinetic issues.