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Background & Methods To understand the relationships between Learning Outcomes and Standards, Conceptions and Approaches, a study involving 152 first-year medical student in PBL courses in Hong Kong and Australia.A Conceptions-of-PBL questionnaire was developed, John Biggs Study-Process-Questionnaire (Biggs, Kember and Leung, 2001) was adapted and the Clear Goals and Standards scale of Paul Ramsdens Course Experience Questionnaire (Ramsden, 1991) was used.