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Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) is regarded as a central enzyme that protects cells against oxidative stress.SOD1-deficient mice, however, survive normally under conventional breeding conditions and show only moderate phenotypes in viewpoint of oxidative damage.We recently found marked elevation of ROS in red blood cells (RBC) of the SOD1-deficient mice.Anemia and autoantibody production against RBC were evident in aged mice, similar characteristics to autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA).