【摘 要】
：
Pharmaceutical products typically are produced by chemical synthesis, natural product extraction, or fermentation. Each manufacturing process will be discus
【机 构】
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UniversityofMemphis
【出 处】
：
中美联合环境修复与流域恢复高级论坛
论文部分内容阅读
Pharmaceutical products typically are produced by chemical synthesis, natural product extraction, or fermentation. Each manufacturing process will be discussed in detail. Chemical synthesis involves the chemical reaction in a reactor followed by various physical-chemical procedures to separate, purify, and dry the finished product. Natural product extraction usually involves mixing and washing of the raw material, extraction, evaporation, and compounding and formulation of the finished product. In fermentation, microorganisms are typically inoculated in a liquid broth containing nutrients with an environment conducive to rapid microbial growth; various separation techniques are used to separate the active ingredient, which then undergoes compounding and formulation. The primary waste streams and pollutants from each process will be discussed along with pollution prevention measures and end-of-pipe wastewater treatment systems.
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