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Microglia arise from the monocyte/macrophage linage, and are ubiquitously distributed in the central nervous system, representing up to 20% of the total glial cell population in the brain.In accordance with del Rio Hortegas early teaching, the current view is that resident maicroglia are of mesodermal origin, derived from bone marrow precursor cells.These cells invade the central nervous system at an early embryonic stage to give rise to typical process-bearing microglia.Microglia isolated from neonatal mixed brain culture pass through the blood brain-brain barrier and migrate to ischemic.hippocampal lesions when injected into the circulation.Injection of cultured microglia into the circulation of transient global ischemia animal models resulted in not only increased numbers of surviving pyramidal neurons but also maintenance of normal performance in a passive avoidance-learning task compared with control animals.We have already established nef-gene transfected microglia cell line (wild type: HS 1 and mutant type A2G) and GFP expressing mouse glioblastoma cell line (GL261-GFP).We produced glioma animal models by inoculating GL261-GFP into the brain of the synergic mouse.Injection of HS 1 into the circulation of glioma models significantly prolonged the survival period compared with control animals.Morphological and physiological studies indicated that Injection of HS1 had no harmful effects on the recipients.To realize the brain-targeted cell therapy using microglia, we are now trying to establish the method of differentiation of microglia from iPSCs.