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Supramolecular host-guest chemistry has been well established in solution,but its use atinterfaces remains limited to for example sensor development for specific guest compounds.In order to build assemblies at surfaces through supramolecular interactions fornanotechnological applications,other demands have to be met,such as larger thermodynamicand kinetic stabilities of the assemblies.For many supramolecular motifs,this inevitably leadsto the use of multivalent interactions.Multivalency describes the interaction between multivalent receptors and multivalent ligands.It plays a pivotal role in biochemistry,particularly in protein-carbohydrate interactions,bothin solution and at interfaces,e.g.in the infection of cells by the attachment of viruses orbacteria to cell membranes.In particular in the latter case,multivalency is often poorlyunderstood in a quantitative sense.